http://www.virtualuppermantle.info Upper Mantle Internal Structure Study The Material Composition of the Upper Mantle. Natural phenomena are closely related to the processes occurring in the upper mantle of the Earth. http://www.virtualuppermantle.info/StructureExploration.htm Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes, the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth, earthquake effects, such as tsunamis, diverse seismic sources such as volcanic, tectonic, oceanic, atmospheric, explosions. Gravimetry is the measurement of a gravitational field of the Earth. Geothermy is the measurement of a geothermal field of the Earth. Geomagnetism is the exploration and analysis the Earth’s magnetic field. . http://www.virtualuppermantle.info/CompositionExploration.htm Ophiolite Belts of the Earth are the sections of the Earth's oceanic crust and the underlying upper mantle that has been uplifted or emplaced to be exposed within continental crustal rocks. Ocean-floor Dredging and Drilling - the technology of extraction of rocks, of which piled up the bottom of the ocean. Recent Volcanism - the source of the substance, which is composed of the modern upper mantle of Earth. Paleovolcanism the source of the substance, which was composed of the upper mantle of the Earth at the time of eruption. http://www.virtualuppermantle.info/NaturalPhenomena.htm Continental Drift is the movement of the Earth's continents relative to each other. Plate Tectonics describe the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere. Crustal and Deep Earthquakes are the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust and upper mantle that creates seismic waves. Recent volcanic activity in many regions of the Earth due to underlying processes in the Earth's upper mantle. Deep Heat Flow due to thermodynamic processes in the Earth's mantle. Isostasy is a term used in geology to refer to the state of gravitational equilibrium between the earth's lithosphere and asthenosphere such that the tectonic plates "float" at an elevation which depends on their thickness and density. Spatial Positioning Main Metallogenic Provinces of the Earth is largely due to underlying processes in the upper mantle. Spatial location of the Largest Oil-and-Gas Provinces of the Earth is also largely due to underlying processes in the upper mantle. http://www.virtualuppermantle.info/Seismology.htm Teleseismic P-waves and S-waves tomography. Surface ( Share / Love and Rayleigh) waves tomography. Upper Mantle Velocity Structure. Upper Mantle Velocity Anisotropy. Three-Dimensional Community Velocity Models. http://www.virtualuppermantle.info/Gravimetry.htm Earth Gravity Model. Gravity Anomalies Geoid. Geoid undulations Three-dimensional density model of the Earth Absolute Gravity Physical geodesy. http://www.virtualuppermantle.info/Geothermy.htm Geothermics. Geothermal Exploration World Geothermal Province. Earth’s interior heat. Heat gradient Heat Flow Maps. Geothermal Energy Maps. Geothermal modeling. Geothermal Projects. http://www.virtualuppermantle.info/Geomagnetism.htm The geomagnetic field. Magnetic field variations. Magnetic storms. Magnetic Observatory. Observatory Sensor Package. Magnetic Maps for the Earth's Surface. Geomagnetic anomalies. Geodynamo. Geomagnetic reversals. Paleomagnetism. Magnetotellurics. http://www.virtualuppermantle.info/Petrology.htm Petrology of the Upper Mantle. Mineralogy of the Upper Mantle. Geochemistry of the Upper Mantle. Crustal and upper mantle xenoliths. Large igneous provinces. Upper Mantle Melts. Geophysical and Petrological modeling of the structure and composition of the Upper Mantle. Pirolit. Upper Mantle and Lithosphere Dynamics. http://www.virtualuppermantle.info/Ophiolite.htm Ophiolite Stratigraphy. Petrologic Classification of Ophiolites. Ophiolite Groups and Assemblages. Ophiolite Pulses. Ophiolite and Oceanic Lithosphere. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program. http://www.virtualuppermantle.info/Dredging.htm Ocean Dredging and Drilling. Marine Geological Institutions. Ocean Drilling Programs and Projects. Ocean Drilling Ships. http://www.virtualuppermantle.info/Volcanism.htm Global Volcanism Programs. Volcano Hazard Programs. Volcanic Types and Processes. Volcano Pictures / Photos. Volcano Maps. Earthquakes and Eruptions. http://www.virtualuppermantle.info/Paleovolcanism.htm Petrology, Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Paleovolcanoes. Paleovolcano Maps. Paleo-Ridges. Paleo-Spreading. Paleo-Spreading Rate. Paleo-Transform Faults. http://www.virtualuppermantle.info/PlateTectonic.htm Continental drift. Magnetic striping. Wadati-Benioff Zones. Earth’s Plate Tectonics. Plate tectonics on other planets. Plate Boundaries. Rifts. Hotspots. Transform Faults. Subduction Zones. Mountain-Building. Oceanic Trench Formations. Driving Forces of Plate Motion. Mantle Convection. http://www.virtualuppermantle.info/Earthquakes.htm Crustal Earthquakes. Lower-crustal earthquakes. Deep Earthquakes. Earthquake Clusters. Aftershocks. Earthquake Swarms. Earthquake Storms. Remotely Triggered Earthquakes. Seismotectonics. Regional Tectonics. Geomorphology. Focal Mechanism. http://www.virtualuppermantle.info/Isostasy.htm Isostatic Models. Isostatic Rebound. Isostatic Evidences. Isostatic Effects of Deposition and Erosion. Isostatic Effects of Plate Tectonics. Isostatic Effects of Ice-Sheets. Isostatic Rates. Ongoing Glacioisostatic Recovery. Depression Beyond the Ice Margin.